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The Mental Health Profile of Borderline Intellectual Functioning: A Systematic Review
Myeongju Cho1, Eunseol Ko1, Haemi Choi1
1Department of Psychiatry, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Psychiatry Investigation
|November 23, 2025
Summary
Individuals with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) have significantly higher rates of psychiatric disorders compared to average intelligence populations. Their mental health outcomes are worse than those with normal intelligence but better than those with intellectual disability.
Area of Science:
- Psychiatry
- Psychology
- Intellectual Functioning
Background:
- Borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) is poorly understood regarding mental health.
- Limited data exists on psychiatric morbidity in BIF populations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review mental health outcomes in individuals with BIF.
- To compare BIF mental health outcomes with normal intellectual functioning and intellectual disability (ID) groups.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and ERIC databases.
- Included studies (IQ 71-84) reporting mental health outcomes.
- Data extraction on well-being, psychopathology, and comparative analyses; quality assessed with MM Tool.
Main Results:
- 45 studies with 93,396 individuals with BIF were analyzed.
- BIF populations showed significantly higher psychiatric morbidity (anxiety, mood, personality, neurodevelopmental disorders) versus average IQ.
- BIF mental health outcomes were intermediate between normal IQ and mild ID populations.
Conclusions:
- Individuals with BIF are a vulnerable group with elevated mental health risks.
- BIF requires specialized clinical attention, educational support, and targeted interventions.
- Improved differentiation and tailored support are needed for BIF populations.
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