Doping regulation enables a high-performance Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode for sodium-ion batteries: review

To address the challenges of energy development, there is an urgent need to develop more efficient and sustainable battery materials. The polyanionic cathode material sodium vanadium phosphate (Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (NVP)) has broad development prospects and is an essential part of the applications in sodium-ion batteries. NVP has a stable framework and high capacity. However, its relatively low electrical and ionic conductivity hinders its further development. This paper reviews research on the doping modification of NVP materials, summarize the research status of single-element doping, binary doping, ternary doping, and multi-element doping, as well as the multiple positive effects elicited by doping different types of elements at different chemical sites for the NVP system. This review clearly highlights the benefits from synergistic effects, multi-electronic reactions and high entropy effects derived from doping regulation. We aim to provide assistance for future research on NVP, hoping to bring new modification ideas to the research and development of cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.