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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
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Carbohydrates are essential macronutrients that serve as the body's primary energy source. Their digestion begins in the mouth, where salivary amylase partially breaks down complex carbohydrates such as starch into smaller oligosaccharides. This mechanical and enzymatic activity prepares carbohydrates for further processing in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Carbohydrate catabolism is a fundamental process in cellular metabolism that enables energy extraction from glucose through two primary pathways: cellular respiration and fermentation. Both pathways begin with glycolysis, which operates independently of oxygen availability.Glycolysis: A Shared Starting PointGlycolysis is an oxygen-independent process that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. During this process, a net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules is...
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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Metabolic regulation
    • Developmental biology

    Background:

    • Mammals adapt to carbohydrate-rich diets postnatally.
    • Coordination of metabolic programs across organs is not well understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate liver maturation and its role in coordinating metabolism for early-life development.
    • Identify key regulators of hepatic metabolic adaptation.

    Main Methods:

    • Time-resolved transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses in mice from neonates to adults.
    • Investigated the role of mitochondrial RNA endoribonuclease LACTB2.
    • Assessed effects of restoring electron transport chain (ETC) function.

    Main Results:

    • Post-weaning, mouse liver rapidly gains oxidative and detoxification capacity, regulated by LACTB2.
    • LACTB2 sustains mitochondrial RNA stability and ETC subunit expression, crucial for oxidative metabolism.
    • LACTB2 deficiency impairs glucose utilization, causes metabolic toxicity, and affects brain development, leading to lethality, especially in males.

    Conclusions:

    • LACTB2-dependent hepatic mitochondrial maturation is essential for adapting to carbohydrate diets.
    • This process aligns liver and brain metabolism to support early development.
    • Restoring ETC function can improve survival in cases of metabolic dysfunction.