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A compressed code for memory discrimination.

Dale Zhou1,2,3, Sharon M Noh3, Nora C Harhen4

  • 1University of California, Irvine, Neurobiology and Behavior, 519 Biological Sciences Quad, Irvine, 92697, United States.

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|November 24, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Memory recall relies on lossy compression, not expansion, of visual data. This process discards irrelevant details, enhancing the ability to distinguish similar memories and improving mnemonic discrimination performance.

Keywords:
efficient codingfalse memorymemory reconstructionnovelty detectionrate-distortion theory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Mnemonic discrimination, the ability to distinguish similar memories, is a key index of memory function.
  • Traditionally, this is thought to involve neural code expansion for maximal distinctiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the alternative hypothesis that mnemonic discrimination is supported by lossy compression of visual input.
  • To investigate whether discarding irrelevant details aids in distinguishing similar stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Trained neural networks to compress stimuli and measured representation "lossiness" using a mathematical framework.
  • Empirically validated predictions using behavioral datasets and task fMRI data.
  • Examined neural signatures of dimensionality reduction and information loss in visual and hippocampal regions.

Main Results:

  • Greater "lossiness" in neural network representations predicted easier and better lure discrimination, supporting the compression hypothesis.
  • Identified neural dimensionality reduction and information loss in higher-order visual stream (V4, IT) and hippocampal regions (dentate gyrus/CA3, CA1).
  • These neural signatures correlated with mnemonic discrimination performance.

Conclusions:

  • Mnemonic discrimination is supported by lossy compression, which efficiently encodes sensory information by discarding redundant details.
  • This challenges the expansion hypothesis and highlights the role of efficient information processing in memory.
  • Findings suggest that discarding information, rather than preserving all details, is crucial for distinguishing similar memories.