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Related Concept Videos

Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Differentiation-Dependent Proximity Proteomics Identifies Novel Host Factors Linked to HPV16 E2 Function.

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    Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E2 protein interacts with host factors, including TOPBP1 and nucleolin (NCL), to maintain viral genome stability during keratinocyte differentiation. This cooperative axis is crucial for HPV16 replication and persistence.

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    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Cancer Research

    Background:

    • Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) causes significant cancers and relies on its E2 protein for critical functions.
    • The E2 protein's interactions with host factors are essential for viral replication and genome maintenance.
    • Understanding these interactions, especially in differentiating cells, is key to viral persistence.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To comprehensively map the HPV16 E2 protein's interactome in both undifferentiated and differentiating keratinocytes.
    • To identify novel host factors interacting with HPV16 E2 and TOPBP1.
    • To elucidate the role of these interactions in viral genome stability during differentiation.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized TurboID-based proximity labeling to identify HPV16 E2-associated proteins.
    • Employed mass spectrometry to analyze protein-protein interactions.
    • Validated key interactions using proximity ligation assays and functional studies in keratinocyte models.

    Main Results:

    • Identified a network of known and novel host factors associated with HPV16 E2, including chromatin regulators, DNA repair proteins, and nucleolar components.
    • Revealed a significant overlap between the interactomes of HPV16 E2 and TOPBP1.
    • Discovered nucleolin (NCL) as a differentiation-dependent E2 partner, stabilized by TOPBP1, essential for episomal genome maintenance.

    Conclusions:

    • Established a cooperative E2-TOPBP1-NCL axis critical for HPV16 genome stability during epithelial differentiation.
    • Demonstrated that HPV16 hijacks host factors for genome maintenance, replication, and persistence.
    • Highlighted this axis as a potential target for novel antiviral interventions.