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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Developmental Biology
    • Systems Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Mammalian cortex connectivity is stereotyped, but developmental principles for precise projection patterns are unclear.
    • Two models exist: early exuberant outgrowth with pruning, or initially directed axonal targeting.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To systematically map the postnatal development of V1 cortico-cortical projection neurons (CCPNs) to higher visual areas (HVAs) in mice.
    • To resolve whether target specificity arises from pruning or directed targeting.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized rapid and complementary retrograde, anterograde, and single-cell tracing methods.
    • Employed multiplexed retrograde tracing and MAPseq for single-cell profiling.

    Main Results:

    • V1→HVA connectivity develops via staggered axon extension and pruning, aligned with target position.
    • Individual V1 CCPNs establish specific projection motifs early with limited variation.
    • Bidirectional V1-HVA connectivity refines gradually, with like-to-like connections aligning over development.

    Conclusions:

    • V1→HVA connections form via directed axonal targeting, establishing motifs early.
    • Medial targets are innervated earlier and refine gradually; lateral targets are innervated later and refine rapidly.
    • Feedforward and feedback V1-HVA circuits emerge concurrently and refine across development.