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Related Concept Videos

Horizontal Gene Transfer01:27

Horizontal Gene Transfer

1.3K
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
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Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

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Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
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Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

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Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Conjugation01:19

Conjugation

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Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...
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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer Mediated by Natural Conjugative Plasmids in E. coli
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The eukaryotic horizontal gene transfer dataset a compendium.

Johnathan A Spaulding1, Janna L Fierst1

  • 1Biomolecular Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 8 Street, 33199, Miami, FL, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified 9,511 horizontally transferred genes in eukaryotes, originating from bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists. This dataset aids in understanding genome evolution and establishing a central eukaryotic horizontal gene transfer database.

Keywords:
DatasetEukaryotesHorizontal gene transferLateral gene transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Increasing availability of eukaryotic genomes enables identification of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events.
  • HGT plays a significant role in the evolution of eukaryotic genomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile and categorize known horizontally transferred genes in eukaryotes.
  • To provide a foundational dataset for studying genome and protein evolution via HGT.
  • To lay the groundwork for a centralized HGT database for eukaryotes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review to identify published HGT candidates.
  • Compilation of 9,511 protein-coding genes reported as horizontally transferred.
  • Assignment of certainty levels to HGT genes based on reporting methodology.
  • Inclusion of coding and protein sequences for all identified HGT genes.

Main Results:

  • A comprehensive dataset of 9,511 eukaryotic HGT candidates was created.
  • The dataset includes gene transfers from bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists to metazoans.
  • Each HGT event is associated with a certainty level based on the original study's methods.

Conclusions:

  • The compiled dataset serves as a valuable resource for evolutionary genomics research.
  • This dataset can reveal trends in eukaryotic genome and protein evolution driven by HGT.
  • It provides a basis for developing a centralized database for eukaryotic HGT events.