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What are Membranes?01:24

What are Membranes?

A cell's plasma membrane demarcates the cell's borders and determines the nature of its interaction with the environment. Cells exclude certain substances, take in others, and excrete some others in controlled quantities. The plasma membrane must be flexible to allow certain cells, such as red and white blood cells, to change their shape while passing through narrow capillaries. These are the more obvious plasma membrane functions. In addition, the plasma membrane's surface carries markers that...

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Targeting the cell membrane in established and emerging model organisms.

Irene Karapidaki1,2, Mette Handberg-Thorsager3, Tsuyoshi Momose2,4

  • 1Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon and CNRS, France.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a versatile toolkit of 11 membrane-localizing tags for studying cells and organisms. This toolkit successfully identified robust tags across ten diverse animal species and choanoflagellates, with three tags showing universal efficacy.

Keywords:
comparative cell biologyevo devonon-conventional model organismsplasma membrane targeting

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Transgenic tools are crucial for studying cells and organisms.
  • Membrane-localizing signals vary in efficacy across species, hindering broad application.
  • Existing tools often rely on species-specific elements like cis-regulatory elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a universal toolkit of membrane-localizing tags for broad species applicability.
  • To identify robust membrane-targeting signals that function across diverse animal phyla.
  • To facilitate rapid screening of membrane localization tools in various biological systems.

Main Methods:

  • Generated a toolkit of 11 membrane-localizing tags fused to mScarlet3 fluorescent protein.
  • Utilized T7 promoter for in vitro mRNA production and delivery into embryos and cells.
  • Tested the toolkit across ten animal species (chordates, echinoderms, arthropods, nematodes, annelids, flatworms, cnidarians) and choanoflagellates.

Main Results:

  • Identified robust membrane-localizing tags functional in all ten tested animal species and choanoflagellates.
  • Discovered three tags (KRas, GAP43, Src64B) that demonstrate efficacy across all tested species.
  • The toolkit enabled rapid screening and identification of effective membrane targeting signals.

Conclusions:

  • The developed toolkit provides a valuable resource for studying membrane localization in diverse organisms.
  • The identification of universally effective tags (KRas, GAP43, Src64B) significantly advances cross-species biological research.
  • This work overcomes species-specific limitations in membrane targeting tool development.