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Related Concept Videos

Pulse Assessment Sites01:11

Pulse Assessment Sites

Pulse assessment sites are crucial in evaluating a patient's cardiovascular health. By assessing the pulsations of arteries at specific anatomical locations, healthcare professionals can gather valuable information about blood flow, heart rate, and peripheral circulation. Understanding these pulse assessment sites is essential for conducting comprehensive cardiovascular evaluations and monitoring patients' overall health. These sites are strategically chosen due to the accessibility and...
The Functions of the Skeletal System01:22

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

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Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...
Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap
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Beyond function: Aesthetic considerations in pedicled abdominal flaps for upper limb reconstruction.

Mohamed Sabry1, Amr Khairy Abdelhakim1

  • 1Lecturer of plastic and reconstructive surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Minia University Hospital, kornish Elnile, Minia, Egypt.

JPRAS Open
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Pedicled abdominal flaps (PAFs) provide effective upper limb reconstruction with high survival rates. Patient and physician satisfaction with aesthetic outcomes were assessed, revealing generally acceptable results and highlighting the importance of aesthetics in reconstruction.

Keywords:
Aesthetic outcomeFunctional outcomeHand reconstructionPedicled abdominal flapUpper limb

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery
  • Microsurgery

Background:

  • Pedicled abdominal flaps (PAFs) are a standard method for upper extremity reconstruction.
  • Existing research primarily focuses on functional results and complications.
  • Limited data exists on patient and physician satisfaction with aesthetic outcomes after PAF reconstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pedicled abdominal flaps (PAFs) in upper limb reconstruction.
  • To assess flap survival, complication rates, and donor-site morbidity.
  • To analyze patient and physician satisfaction with aesthetic results following PAF reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis of 16 patients who underwent upper limb reconstruction using PAFs.
  • Flap reconstruction utilized various vascular territories including Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery (SIEA), Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery (SCIA), and Perforator Upper Pedicle (PUP) flaps.
  • Patient and physician satisfaction surveys were employed to assess aesthetic outcomes.

Main Results:

  • A high flap survival rate of 93.8% was observed.
  • Wound infection occurred in 25% of cases, with no major donor-site morbidity reported.
  • Physicians reported higher satisfaction than patients, though both groups indicated acceptable aesthetic outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Pedicled abdominal flaps (PAFs) are a reliable reconstructive option for the upper extremity, demonstrating high flap survival and acceptable aesthetic results.
  • Aesthetics are a crucial factor in patient and physician evaluations of reconstructive outcomes.
  • PAFs offer an efficient method for upper limb reconstruction with a favorable safety profile.