Advanced Nanoparticle-Based strategies for plant viral disease management: mechanisms and innovations for crop...

Plant viral infections are a major concern in worldwide agriculture, resulting in considerable economic losses and jeopardizing food security. Conventional management measures, such as chemical vector control and resistance breeding, frequently fail due to changing virus strains and environmental issues. This review synthesizes recent advances in nanoparticle-based approaches for managing plant viral diseases, emphasizing mechanistic action, application strategies, and regulatory challenges. Four major antiviral mechanisms were identified: direct viral inactivation, inhibition of vector transmission, induction of systemic resistance, and nanocarrier-mediated RNAi or CRISPR delivery. Silver and gold nanoparticles exhibited strong virucidal activity, while silica and zinc nanoparticles primarily enhanced systemic acquired resistance through salicylic acid signaling. Green synthesis methods improved nanoparticle stability, biocompatibility, and environmental safety compared to conventional chemical synthesis. Integration of nanoparticles within integrated pest management (IPM) frameworks enhanced virus detection, vector suppression, and targeted delivery, minimizing reliance on agrochemicals. However, field-scale deployment remains limited by production cost, stability, and lack of harmonized regulatory guidelines across regions such as the EU, US, and India. Overall, this review provides a mechanistic and translational framework for developing sustainable, field-ready nanoparticle technologies for effective plant viral disease management.