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Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter
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Refractive error and angle of deviation in basic esotropia versus exotropia: a comparative study.

Babak Masoomian1, Mohammad Reza Akbari1, Arash Mirmohammadsadeghi1

  • 1Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1336616351, Iran.

International Journal of Ophthalmology
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Patients with basic esotropia have more hyperopic refractive errors and larger horizontal eye deviations compared to those with basic exotropia. Basic esotropia patients also undergo strabismus surgery at a younger age.

Keywords:
angle of deviationbasic esotropiabasic exotropiarefractive error

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Strabismology
  • Pediatric Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Strabismus, a common condition affecting binocular vision, encompasses various subtypes including basic esotropia and basic exotropia.
  • Understanding the differences in refractive error and ocular alignment between these subtypes is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare refractive error and the angle of deviation in patients diagnosed with basic esotropia versus basic exotropia.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective review of medical records for patients with basic-type strabismus was performed.
  • Data collected included demographics, refractive error, best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCVA), and horizontal/vertical angles of deviation.

Main Results:

  • Basic esotropia patients exhibited more hyperopic refractive errors (mean spherical equivalent difference) compared to basic exotropia patients.
  • Significantly larger horizontal deviation angles were observed in basic esotropia, while basic exotropia showed slightly larger vertical deviation angles.
  • Patients with basic esotropia underwent strabismus surgery at a younger mean age than those with basic exotropia.

Conclusions:

  • Basic esotropia is associated with more hyperopic refractive errors, larger horizontal misalignments, and earlier surgical intervention compared to basic exotropia.
  • These findings highlight distinct clinical characteristics between basic esotropia and basic exotropia, informing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.