The Evaluation of Physical Performance in Rowing Ergometer: A Systematic Review

Background: Growing interest in optimizing rowing performance has led to numerous ergometer-based testing protocols. However, this diversity has created a lack of consensus on which physiological variables best predict rowing performance. This systematic review provides an updated synthesis of the main ergometer testing protocols and identifies the variables most strongly associated with 2000 m performance. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, following PRISMA and STROBE guidelines. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, and methodological quality was assessed accordingly (PROSPERO: CRD420251027702). Results: Thirty-four studies comprising 909 rowers (657 men, 252 women) across elite (20%), sub-elite (32%), and recreational (47%) levels were analyzed. The 2000 m test was the most frequently employed protocol (79%), followed by incremental (INCR) tests. The 2000 m test reflects competition performance, whereas INCR tests are primarily used to assess VO₂max and PPO, the variables most strongly correlated with 2000 m outcomes. Power at lactate threshold and CP also showed strong associations with performance, particularly when measured through short, time-efficient protocols that minimize fatigue. Conclusions: The strongest and most consistent correlates of 2000 m ergometer performance are VO₂max and PPO (r = 0.83-0.99). CP is likewise strongly associated (n = 4 studies) but rests on a smaller evidence base. Given that 72% of the analyzed sample comprised male participants, extrapolation of these findings to female rowers warrants caution.