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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT

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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Relative Risk01:12

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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Parity as a Risk Factor for Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: A Population-based Study.

Rotem Dan1, Nave Paran2, Nuphar Vinegrad3,4

  • 1The Goldman Medical School at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

High parity, defined as four or more deliveries, is linked to an increased risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in women. This association was particularly evident in Arab women within a high-multiparity population.

Keywords:
differentiated thyroid cancermultiparitypapillary thyroid carcinomaparity

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Health
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Female sex is a known risk factor for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).
  • Reproductive influences are suspected contributors, but data on parity and DTC risk are inconsistent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between parity and DTC risk.
  • Focus on a population characterized by high multiparity.

Main Methods:

  • Population-based case-control study (1982-2022) at a single tertiary medical center.
  • Included 300 female DTC cases and 900 controls, matched by birth year and ethnicity.
  • Logistic regression analysis adjusted for socioeconomic status, TSH levels, oral contraceptive use, and autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Main Results:

  • DTC diagnosis median age was 39 years; 60% Jewish, 40% Arab.
  • Increased DTC risk observed with four or more deliveries (OR=1.70) and six or more (OR=1.89).
  • Association primarily driven by Arab women with higher grand multiparity rates.

Conclusions:

  • High parity, specifically four or more deliveries, is associated with elevated DTC risk.
  • The association is more pronounced in Arab women.
  • Findings highlight the role of reproductive history in DTC risk stratification.