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Zero-sum beliefs across age and generations.

Veronica Vazquez-Olivieri1, Tamar Kricheli-Katz2, Boaz Keysar1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Chicago.

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Summary

Older adults hold fewer zero-sum beliefs than younger individuals, partly due to more positive thinking and perceiving resources as less scarce. This age-related shift impacts negotiations and policy understanding.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Zero-sum beliefs, where one's gain necessitates another's loss, are common even in non-zero-sum situations.
  • These beliefs negatively impact judgment in various domains, including interpersonal, labor, public policy, international relations, and economic transactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how zero-sum beliefs change with age.
  • To understand the underlying psychological mechanisms driving these age-related differences.

Main Methods:

  • Four experimental studies with 2,473 participants examined age differences in zero-sum beliefs.
  • Analysis of World Values Survey data (N = 207,171) explored generational and age-related trends.

Main Results:

  • Older individuals consistently held fewer zero-sum beliefs compared to younger individuals.
  • Reduced zero-sum beliefs in older adults were associated with more positive thinking and a perception of greater resource availability.
  • Both aging and generational effects contributed to lower zero-sum beliefs in older cohorts.

Conclusions:

  • Zero-sum bias decreases with age, potentially due to cognitive and perceptual shifts.
  • This reduction may enhance opportunities for mutual gain in various life domains for older adults.
  • Findings offer insights into aging processes and have implications for negotiation strategies and policy-making.