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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.5K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
3.3K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.4K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
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Heterogeneous polymerization via two-step crosslinking for tunable microribbon hydrogels.

Mahsa Karimi1, Fereshteh Ahadi1, Niloofar Esmati2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.

Biofabrication
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel hydrogel platform for tissue engineering, creating tunable, cell-sized pores that enhance cell migration and matrix production. This innovative approach improves cell adhesion and proliferation for regenerative medicine applications.

Keywords:
building blocksheterogeneous hydrogelhydrogel polymerizationmulti-step crosslinkingporous hydrogeltissue engineering

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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Conventional hydrogels have dense matrices hindering cell migration and extracellular matrix production.
  • There is a need for advanced hydrogel platforms that support cell migration and matrix synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a heterogeneously crosslinkable hydrogel platform enabling cell migration and matrix deposition.
  • To create tunable, cell-sized pores for improved cell function within engineered tissues.

Main Methods:

  • A two-step heterogeneous polymerization approach using gelatin-derived microribbons.
  • Chemical modification with methacrylic anhydride (MAA), acetic anhydride (AceA), and succinic anhydride (SucA).
  • Photo-crosslinking of cell-laden hydrogels to form scaffolds with *in situ* pores.

Main Results:

  • SucA modification enhanced scaffold swelling, mechanical strength, and slowed degradation.
  • AceA modification reduced crosslink density and accelerated degradation.
  • Cell studies demonstrated superior adhesion and proliferation on SucA-modified scaffolds.

Conclusions:

  • The developed hydrogel platform offers independent control over scaffold microstructure, mechanics, and degradation.
  • This versatile platform integrates structural, mechanical, and biochemical cues for advanced regenerative medicine.
  • The findings may significantly impact the design of next-generation tissue engineering scaffolds.