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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

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Multicolor Upconversion Förster Resonant Energy Transfer Using Optimized Yb@YbTm Core@Shell Nanoparticles.

Grzegorz Bękarski1, Katarzyna Prorok1, František Štětina2

  • 1Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Okólna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland.

ACS Nano
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study optimized upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) for resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensing by tuning Tm3+ concentration in core-shell structures. This design enhances FRET efficiency and enables multicolor detection for multiplexed bioassays.

Keywords:
FRETmultiplexingnanomaterialssensingupconversion

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) show promise for FRET-based biosensing but face challenges due to small absorption and large size.
  • Complex UCNP structures and limited multicolor studies hinder FRET assay development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and optimize core-shell UCNPs for enhanced FRET efficiency.
  • To develop multicolor UC-FRET systems using a single donor and multiple acceptors for multiplexed bioassays.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized core-shell UCNPs (Yb3+-doped core/Yb3+, Tm3+-doped shell) with varying Tm3+ concentrations.
  • Surface-functionalized UCNPs with four distinct ATTO dyes as acceptors.
  • Evaluated FRET efficiencies using spectral and time-domain measurements.

Main Results:

  • Optimized Tm3+ concentration (4%) in the UCNP shell maximized FRET efficiency.
  • Successfully differentiated four ATTO dyes on UCNPs using a ratiometric approach.
  • Demonstrated potential for multicolor detection with a single UCNP donor.

Conclusions:

  • Smart core-shell UCNP design and donor concentration tuning improve UC-FRET sensitivity.
  • Provides a foundation for developing efficient, multicolor, wash-free UC biosensing platforms.
  • Offers insights into rational design for advanced biosensing applications.