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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

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Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process01:27

Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process

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The synthesis of phenol from benzene via cumene and cumene hydroperoxide is called the Hock process. First, a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of benzene with propene gives cumene. Then cumene forms cumene hydroperoxide via a radical chain reaction. In the chain initiation step, the benzylic hydrogen is abstracted to give a benzylic radical. In the chain propagation step, the benzylic radical reacts with an oxygen diradical to form a cumene hydroperoxide radical. The cumene...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Hierarchical Ru0/Ruδ+/Al2O3 electrocatalyst enabling phenolic contaminant-to-chemical conversion.

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  • 1Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Sustainability, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

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A novel hierarchical catalyst efficiently converts phenol in wastewater to cyclohexanol using electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH). This sustainable method recovers resources and offers a greener alternative to traditional wastewater treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Electrochemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Phenol in wastewater poses environmental challenges.
  • Current treatment methods like adsorption-Fenton oxidation are often inefficient and costly.
  • Valorizing phenol to cyclohexanol via electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH) aligns with circular economy principles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient and selective catalyst for phenol ECH in complex wastewater matrices.
  • To improve phenol valorization for resource recovery and sustainable wastewater treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a hierarchical Ru0/Ruδ+/Al2O3 catalyst with multi-level electronic states.
  • Electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH) of phenol.
  • Characterization of catalyst performance in actual phenol-containing wastewater.

Main Results:

  • The hierarchical catalyst demonstrated a 4.3-fold increase in reaction rate compared to pristine Ru.
  • Achieved stable cyclohexanol selectivity of approximately 80% for over 120 hours.
  • The ECH process proved more economically feasible and environmentally beneficial than conventional treatments.

Conclusions:

  • The hierarchical Ru0/Ruδ+/Al2O3 catalyst effectively enhances phenol ECH performance.
  • This catalytic approach offers a sustainable and resource-efficient solution for phenol-containing wastewater treatment.
  • The study provides valuable insights for transitioning wastewater treatment from environmental burden to sustainable recovery.