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Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunoelectron microscopy utilizes immunogold labeling of endogenous proteins with specific antibodies to detect and localize these proteins in cells and tissues. The procedure provides insights into the distribution and quantification of protein under different stimulation conditions offering clues about their functions. Conjugating highly electron-dense gold particles with primary or secondary antibodies allow antigen detection on and within cells, with high resolution and specificity.

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Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

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Strategic atomic trapping at heterointerfaces for protonic ceramic cells.

Zuoqing Liu¹, Ruixi Qiao², Desheng Feng³

¹State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.

Nature Communications

|November 25, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed an atomic trapping strategy for reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells. This method enhances energy conversion efficiency by optimizing electrode interfaces, reducing precious metal use, and improving performance.

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Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps

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Area of Science:

Materials Science and Engineering
Electrochemistry
Sustainable Energy Technologies

Background:

Reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs) are crucial for sustainable energy conversion.
Minimizing precious metal usage in composite electrodes is essential for cost-effective PCECs.
Precisely engineered heterointerfaces are key to unlocking PCEC potential.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce an atomic trapping strategy for restructuring interfacial chemistry in perovskite/fluorite heteroelectrodes.
To achieve catalytic synergy by manipulating the ruthenium (Ru) coordination environment.
To develop a universal strategy for next-generation solid-state energy devices.

Main Methods:

Atomic trapping strategy applied to Ba$_{0.5}$Sr$_{0.5}$Co$_{0.8}$Fe$_{0.2}$O$_{3-δ}$ (BSCF) perovskite and Ru@CeO$_{2-δ}$ fluorite heteroelectrodes.
Scalable co-sintering protocol to induce thermodynamically driven Ru migration.
Analysis of interfacial electron redistribution, oxygen vacancies, and triple conductivity.

Main Results:

Coupled interfaces formed by Ru migration into the perovskite matrix.
Optimized interfacial properties, including enhanced electron redistribution and oxygen vacancy generation.
Low Ru loading electrode demonstrated bifunctionality: 1.51 W cm$^{-2}$ (peak power density) and -2.21 A cm$^{-2}$ (electrolysis current density) at 650 °C.
Notable durability with minimal degradation (0.09 mV h$^{-1}$) over 400 h at 600 °C.

Conclusions:

The atomic trapping strategy effectively engineers dynamic heterointerfaces with atomic precision.
This approach optimizes interfacial chemistry, leading to improved catalytic synergy and PCEC performance.
The developed method offers a promising universal strategy for advanced solid-state energy devices.