Phase-driven rewiring in Escherichia coli enhances coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis via temporal and energetic coordination

Coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis in Escherichia coli is constrained by kinetic mismatches between precursor synthesis and methylation, alongside bioenergetic uncoupling. We implemented an optogenetic phase-control strategy integrating dynamic light induction, ribosome binding site (RBS) engineering, and real-time membrane potential (ΔΨ) feedback. Temporal coordination of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and UbiG methyltransferase (UbiG) via a 6-h phase delay reduced methylglyoxal shunt flux by 41 ± 3% (p < 0.01) through enhanced precursor channeling. Membrane hyperpolarization to - 90 ± 2 mV (relative to - 70 mV in controls) triggered voltage-gated UbiG membrane localization (62 ± 3%) and ATP-driven S-adenosylmethionine regeneration, increasing methylation efficiency 2.3-fold. Multivariate modeling identified ΔΨ and acetate as critical control parameters, enabling optimized fermentation (dissolved oxygen (DO) 15-20%, pH 6.7-6.9). The engineered strain achieved 0.63 ± 0.07 g/L CoQ10 in 5-L bioreactors-a 4.3-fold improvement over the static control strain (0.15 ± 0.02 g/L)-with 82.5% carbon efficiency and 25.8% glycerol-to-product yield. This work establishes bioenergetically coupled temporal control as a scalable paradigm for membrane-bound isoprenoid biomanufacturing. KEY POINTS: • Phase-driven enzyme synchronization via optogenetics resolves kinetic mismatch. • Membrane hyperpolarization gates enzyme localization and ATP regeneration. • Model-integrated bioenergetic-process control enhances CoQ10 production efficiency.