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Patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) have a higher risk of developing extraoral cancer. Erosive and plaque-like OLP forms may indicate an even greater risk, warranting further investigation into the underlying mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Oral Medicine
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory condition with potential links to malignancy.
  • Understanding the association between OLP and extraoral cancers is crucial for patient management and risk stratification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between oral lichen planus (OLP) and extraoral cancers.
  • To identify potential risk factors contributing to this association.

Main Methods:

  • A multicentre case-control study involving 21 Italian Oral Medicine centers.
  • 1650 participants (550 OLP patients, 1100 controls) were enrolled and matched for age and sex.
  • Study registered on clinicaltrials.gov (ID NCT06449248) and approved by relevant Ethics Committee.

Main Results:

  • OLP patients exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of extraoral cancers (19.8%) compared to controls (12.4%), with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.79.
  • Erosive OLP (26.7%) and plaque-like OLP (23.7%) variants showed a potentially increased risk for extraoral cancer.
  • Statistical significance was observed (p < 0.05 for overall association, p < 0.01 and p < 0.04 for specific variants).

Conclusions:

  • Patients diagnosed with OLP face an elevated risk of developing extraoral cancer.
  • Specific OLP subtypes, namely erosive and plaque-like, may represent higher-risk indicators.
  • Further prospective research is essential to elucidate the causal relationship and temporal dynamics between OLP and extraoral carcinogenesis.