Decoding GDF15: Impact on prostate cancer metabolism, chemoresistance, and clinical applications

Prostate cancer (PCa) presents a significant global health challenge, and cachexia in end-stage PCa further reduces survival time and deteriorates patient quality of life. This necessitates nuanced approaches to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This review analyzes the complex role of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in various aspects of PCa, including metabolism, chemoresistance, metastasis, and clinical implications. Mechanically, the interactions of GDF15 with PCa lipid metabolism and stromal activation are hypothesized to drive PCa progression and promote cachexia. GDF15's role in PCa bone metastasis is mediated through interactions with osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Furthermore, GDF15's role in chemoresistance emphasizes its impact on drug responses and suggests a potential therapeutic target. Clinically, GDF15 has shown potential as a biomarker, offering diagnostic precision and prognostic value, particularly when combined with established markers such as prostate-specific antigen. The review concludes with a discussion on several monoclonal antibodies targeting GDF15 in clinical trials, such as AV-380, NGM120, Visugromab, and AZD8853, highlighting promising strategies for novel therapies and precision medicine.