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Related Concept Videos

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Assessment of the Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds on the Development of Vertebrate Neural Network Function Using Multi-electrode Arrays
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Perineuronal nets in the developing brain: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders.

Jennifer M Ackerman1, Thomas James L Ford2, Shraddha Shridhar Kattewar1,2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.

Molecular Brain
|November 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are crucial for brain development and function. Alterations in these extracellular matrix structures are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, impacting cognition and behavior.

Keywords:
Brain developmentExtracellular matrixNeurogenesisPerineuronal netsSynaptic plasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Extracellular Matrix Biology

Background:

  • Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized extracellular matrix structures in the central nervous system.
  • They are composed of various molecules that ensheath neurons, influencing synaptic function and plasticity.
  • PNNs play a critical role in neuronal maturation and the stabilization of neural circuits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the development, functions, and alterations of PNNs.
  • To explore the role of PNNs in neurodevelopmental pathologies.
  • To integrate PNN neurobiology with the understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on PNNs.
  • Analysis of PNN composition, function, and dynamics.
  • Examination of PNN alterations in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Main Results:

  • PNNs are vital for synapse formation, stabilization, and higher-order brain connectivity.
  • PNN remodeling influences neuronal plasticity, learning, memory, and social behaviors.
  • Disruptions in PNN dynamics are implicated in various neurodevelopmental pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • PNNs are key regulators of neuronal function and plasticity throughout development.
  • Understanding PNN alterations offers insights into the mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Further research into PNNs may reveal novel therapeutic targets for brain pathologies.