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Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Van der Waals Interactions01:24

Van der Waals Interactions

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Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation
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Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation

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Synergistically Activating N2 and CO2 at Water Microdroplet Interfaces.

Zaifa Shi1,2, Jing Nie1, Zuo-Chang Chen1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|November 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers achieved spontaneous nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation in microdroplets under ambient conditions. This sustainable method produces valuable compounds and offers insights into atmospheric chemistry.

Keywords:
AmmoniumCO2 activationN2 fixationNitrous acidWater microdroplet

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Nitrogen fixation is vital but energy-intensive, contributing to CO2 emissions.
  • Atmospheric CO2 levels necessitate scalable mitigation strategies.
  • Microdroplets offer unique environments for chemical reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate simultaneous N2 and CO2 activation under ambient conditions.
  • To explore sustainable methods for N2 fixation and CO2 utilization.
  • To elucidate reaction mechanisms in microdroplet environments.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous spontaneous activation of N2 and CO2 in microdroplets.
  • Isotopic labeling experiments for product confirmation.
  • Theoretical calculations for mechanistic insights.

Main Results:

  • Production of ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2-), and formate (HCO2-) from N2 and CO2.
  • Synergistic enhancement of N2 and CO2 activation in microdroplets.
  • Identification of CO2-facilitated and oxygen radical-mediated N2 fixation pathways.

Conclusions:

  • A novel, sustainable pathway for green N2 fixation and CO2 utilization is demonstrated.
  • Microdroplets enable efficient N2 and CO2 conversion under ambient conditions.
  • Findings provide insights into atmospheric HONO formation.