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Related Concept Videos

Transcellular Transport of Solutes01:23

Transcellular Transport of Solutes

Transcellular transport of solutes is the movement of substances like monosaccharides and amino acids through polarized cells. This transport mechanism is primarily seen in epithelial and endothelial cells aided by membrane transport proteins such as channels and transporters. The tight junctions between these cells confine the membrane proteins to the two sides of the cell. The epithelial cells have distinct apical and basolateral domains. In contrast, the endothelial cells show the luminal...
Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.
Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
The transport of soluble and membrane proteins is mediated by transport vesicles that collect cargo from one cellular compartment and deliver it to another by fusing with the target organelle membrane. The Rab...
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
Transport Across the Golgi01:26

Transport Across the Golgi

While it is unclear how molecules move between adjacent Golgi cisternae, it is apparent that the molecules move from cis- cisterna, the entry face, to the trans- cisterna, the exit face. Experiments initially suggested vesicles that bud from one cisterna and fuse with the next cisterna to transport proteins between the cisternae. This vesicular transport model describes the Golgi apparatus as a relatively static structure with a unique enzyme composition in each cisterna. Molecules are...
Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...

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Related Experiment Video

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Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Magnetized miR-modified Endothelial Cells
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Engineered Dendritic Cell-Derived Vesicles for T-Cell-Targeted Magnesium Delivery and Metabolic Reprogramming.

Xiaoyu Yu1, Shuqi Chen1, Rong Sun1

  • 1Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.

ACS Nano
|November 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Engineered extracellular vesicles deliver magnesium ions (Mg2+) to restore exhausted T cells and enhance cancer immunotherapy when combined with immune checkpoint blockade.

Keywords:
Immunoengineeringdendritic cellsextracellular vesiclesimmunotherapy technologymagnesium ions

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) suppresses anti-tumor immunity, limiting immunotherapy effectiveness.
  • Magnesium ions (Mg2+) can enhance cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CD8+ T) activity but face delivery challenges.
  • Existing Mg2+ carriers have poor biocompatibility and targeting, hindering therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an engineered extracellular vesicle (EV)-based system for targeted Mg2+ delivery to enhance cancer immunotherapy.
  • To investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Mg2+ delivered via engineered EVs on T-cell metabolism and function within the TME.

Main Methods:

  • Genetically modified dendritic cells to overexpress MgtE (SLC41A1) for Mg2+ encapsulation into EVs (E-DEVs).
  • Developed Mg2+-loaded E-DEVs (E-DEVs@Mg2+) for targeted delivery to tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs).
  • Assessed the impact of E-DEVs@Mg2+ on CD8+ T-cell metabolism (glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation) and combined efficacy with immune checkpoint blockade.

Main Results:

  • E-DEVs@Mg2+ demonstrated tropism for TDLNs and effectively modulated T-cell metabolism.
  • Mg2+ delivery via E-DEVs restored metabolic fitness in exhausted CD8+ T cells by enhancing glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Combination therapy of E-DEVs@Mg2+ with immune checkpoint blockade achieved synergistic tumor suppression.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered dendritic cell-derived EVs (E-DEVs) serve as a biocompatible platform for targeted Mg2+ delivery.
  • This strategy shows promise for metabolic reprogramming of exhausted T cells, overcoming TME-mediated immunosuppression.
  • The developed approach offers a novel therapeutic avenue for enhancing cancer immunotherapy efficacy.