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Overdose prevention sites (OPS/SCS) in Toronto showed neutral to beneficial crime associations. While initial increases in break-ins occurred, overall crime incidents, including thefts, declined over time.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Criminology
  • Urban Studies

Background:

  • Overdose prevention sites and supervised consumption sites (OPS/SCS) operated in Toronto from August 2017 to March 2025.
  • Community concerns linked these sites to increased local crime and disorder.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between OPS/SCS implementation and local crime rates in Toronto.
  • To analyze crime incidence changes before and after the establishment of OPS/SCS.

Main Methods:

  • An ecological cohort study design was employed, utilizing Toronto Police Service data.
  • An interrupted time series analysis compared monthly crime counts within city boundaries (January 2014 - June 2025).
  • Seven crime outcomes were assessed within 400 meters of each OPS/SCS location.

Main Results:

  • OPS/SCS implementation was associated with immediate increases in break and enters (49.88%) and thefts from motor vehicles (20.03%).
  • However, monthly trends for break and enters, robberies, major thefts, bicycle thefts, and vehicle thefts subsequently declined.
  • Site-specific analysis indicated that most OPS/SCS were not associated with crime increases.

Conclusions:

  • The overall association between Toronto's OPS/SCS and crime was neutral to beneficial.
  • Initial localized crime increases post-implementation were followed by crime reduction trends.
  • Findings suggest OPS/SCS do not inherently increase crime and may have a neutral or positive impact over time.