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Artificial intelligence in neonatal sepsis: Scope, challenges, and potential solutions!

Deepika Kainth1, Ramesh Agarwal1

  • 1Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
|November 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Artificial intelligence (AI) shows promise for diagnosing neonatal sepsis, a leading cause of infant death. Further research is needed to overcome limitations and apply AI effectively in diverse clinical settings.

Keywords:
Artificial intelligenceMachine learningNeonatePrediction modelSepsis

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Medical Informatics
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Neonatal sepsis is a significant global cause of infant mortality.
  • Current diagnostic methods for neonatal sepsis are limited by accuracy, biomarkers, and blood culture turnaround times.
  • Artificial intelligence (AI) offers potential for improved sepsis prediction and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current evidence on AI applications in neonatal sepsis diagnosis and management.
  • To identify methodological limitations and barriers to the generalizability of existing AI models.
  • To outline priorities for future research in AI for neonatal sepsis.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature on AI in neonatal sepsis.
  • Analysis of model development steps including data filtration, algorithm selection, and performance evaluation.
  • Identification of challenges such as data availability, definition variations, and ethical considerations.

Main Results:

  • Existing AI models demonstrate encouraging diagnostic accuracy but often lack external validation and face methodological limitations.
  • AI applications range from sepsis prediction to individualized treatment formulation.
  • Generalizability is hindered by variations in sepsis definitions, pathogen profiles, data availability, and ethical concerns, particularly in developing countries.

Conclusions:

  • AI holds significant potential to enhance neonatal sepsis diagnosis and treatment.
  • Robust, context-specific AI solutions require collaborative efforts between AI and neonatal experts.
  • Addressing methodological limitations and ensuring generalizability are crucial for clinical translation.