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Reducing sugars: a potential factor for onion plant salinity adaptation.

Nesma Nabil Ibrahim Mohamed1, Mahmoud M Ghuniem2, Gamal S Khalifa3

  • 1Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 68, HadayekShobra, 11241, Cairo, Egypt.

BMC Plant Biology
|November 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Foliar sugar applications, particularly lactose and melibiose, significantly enhance onion salinity tolerance. These treatments improve plant growth, protect photosynthetic pigments, and boost antioxidant defenses under salt stress.

Keywords:
Allium cepaOsmoprotectantsOxidative stressReducing sugarsSalinity stressVolatile sulfur compounds

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Science
  • Agricultural Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Salinity stress is a major agricultural challenge, reducing crop yield by disrupting plant physiology.
  • Sugars are known osmoprotectants, but their specific role in onion (Allium cepa L.) salinity adaptation requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of foliar-applied reducing sugars (glucose, lactose, melibiose, xylose) in mitigating salinity stress in onions.
  • To analyze the physiological, biochemical, and elemental responses of onions under varying salinity levels and sugar treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Pot-grown onions were subjected to salinity stress (0, 75, 125 mM NaCl) with foliar application of 10 mM sugars.
  • Measurements included growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, osmoprotectants, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes, and elemental composition.

Main Results:

  • Salinity significantly reduced onion growth; sugar treatments, especially lactose, markedly improved fresh weight.
  • Xylose and melibiose preserved photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b).
  • Melibiose and xylose increased osmoprotectants (proline and reducing sugars), while lactose reduced oxidative stress markers and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (PAL, PPO).
  • Lactose and melibiose improved key mineral ratios (Ca²⁺/Na⁺, K⁺/Na⁺).

Conclusions:

  • Foliar application of lactose and melibiose shows significant potential for enhancing onion salinity tolerance.
  • These sugars improve osmoprotection, antioxidant capacity, and ion homeostasis, offering a viable strategy for salt-affected agriculture.