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Exosome-based liquid biopsy for rare and complex diseases.
Jiale Li1, Jun Peng1, Haijun Guo2
1Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China.
International Journal of Surgery (London, England)
|November 26, 2025
Summary
Exosomes, nano-sized vesicles carrying disease biomarkers, show promise for diagnosing non-cancerous conditions like rare genetic diseases and autoimmune disorders. This review explores their potential beyond oncology for novel liquid biopsy applications.
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry
- Cell Biology
- Biotechnology
Background:
- Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles involved in intercellular communication.
- Their cargo reflects the physiological and pathological state of originating cells.
- Exosomes are promising biomarkers for liquid biopsy due to stability and accessibility.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review exosome applications in non-oncological diseases.
- To highlight diagnostic and prognostic value in rare genetic, infectious, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases.
- To explore translational opportunities beyond cancer diagnostics.
Main Methods:
- Review of exosome biogenesis, cargo loading, and intercellular communication.
- Assessment of exosome isolation and characterization technologies.
- Critical analysis of clinical translation for non-oncological applications.
Main Results:
- Exosomes have diagnostic and prognostic potential in various non-tumor diseases.
- Current challenges include sample heterogeneity and methodological inconsistencies.
- Advanced techniques like single-vesicle profiling and AI are proposed.
Conclusions:
- Exosome-based diagnostics offer significant potential for non-invasive disease detection beyond oncology.
- Technological innovation and collaboration are key to clinical translation.
- Exosomes can reshape precision medicine for a wide range of conditions.
