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An Open, Fully-processed, Longitudinal Data Resource to Study Brain Development and Transdiagnostic Executive

Brooke L Sevchik1,2,3, Golia Shafiei1,2,3, Kristin Murtha1,2,3,4

  • 1Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.

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|November 26, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces the Penn Longitudinal Executive Functioning in Adolescent Development (Penn LEAD) dataset, a valuable resource for understanding executive function (EF) development and psychopathology in adolescents.

Keywords:
ADHDAdolescenceCognitionDevelopmentExecutive functionLongitudinalMRINeuroimagingPsychosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Executive function (EF) undergoes rapid development in adolescence.
  • EF deficits are transdiagnostic symptoms linked to various psychopathologies.
  • Adolescence is a critical period for both EF development and the emergence of mental health conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the Penn Longitudinal Executive Functioning in Adolescent Development (Penn LEAD) study dataset.
  • To facilitate transdiagnostic research on executive function development during adolescence.
  • To provide a comprehensive, multi-modal data resource for studying EF and psychopathology.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal data collection from 132 individuals (ages 8-16).
  • Inclusion of typically developing youth, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and psychosis-spectrum groups.
  • Multi-modal data acquisition: structural MRI, diffusion MRI, fMRI (n-back task, resting-state), and arterial spin-labeled MRI, alongside cognitive and clinical phenotyping.

Main Results:

  • The Penn LEAD dataset comprises 225 imaging sessions.
  • Data includes diverse participant groups, enabling comparative analyses.
  • All raw and processed data, including quality control recommendations, are publicly available on OpenNeuro.

Conclusions:

  • The Penn LEAD dataset is a significant, analysis-ready resource for advancing research on adolescent executive function.
  • Publicly shared data will accelerate transdiagnostic investigations into EF development and its relation to psychopathology.
  • This resource supports a deeper understanding of neurodevelopmental trajectories in psychiatric disorders.