Development and validation of the embodied cognition scale for Chinese university students

Embodied cognition theory emphasizes that cognition is grounded in bodily movement, perception, and interaction with the environment rather than being purely symbolic or abstract. However, most existing embodied cognition measures are Western-based and lack cultural adaptability. This study aimed to develop and validate the Embodied Cognition Scale (ECS) tailored for Chinese university students, integrating both psychological and cultural dimensions of body-mind unity.

A mixed-method design was employed across three sequential phases: (1) qualitative exploration with 27 students and 8 teachers to identify embodied cognition patterns; (2) exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and item refinement with 465 participants; and (3) national validation with 918 participants across multiple regions, using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and criterion validity testing with the Body Consciousness Scale.

EFA revealed a five-factor structure-bodily perception, social embodiment, embodied imitation, emotional embodiment, and cognitive reconstruction-explaining 61.15% of total variance. The model demonstrated good psychometric properties (Cronbach's α = 0.954; CFI = 0.928; RMSEA = 0.062) and strong external validity (r = 0.81, p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability (r = 0.94) confirmed stability over time.

The ECS offers a culturally grounded, psychometrically robust tool for assessing embodied processes in higher education. By integrating Confucian concepts of body-mind unity and national education modernization goals, it provides both a theoretical and practical framework for embodied learning and mental health promotion among Chinese university students.