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Updated: Jan 10, 2026
Author Spotlight: Integrating Alveolar-Capillary Reserve Measurements in Exercise Adaptation and Therapeutic Strategies
Published on: February 2, 2024
Improved Pulmonary Gas Exchange at Altitude Is Due to Pulmonary Vascular Adaptation to Chronic Hypoxia in Urban
Robin Willixhofer1,2, Laura Gochicoa-Rangel3, Anna Apostolo1
1Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
Abstract:
Willixhofer, Robin, Laura Gochicoa-Rangel, Anna Apostolo, Jeness Campodonico, Elisabetta Salvioni, Ada De-Los-Santos-Martínez, Alejandro Reyes-García, Luis Torre-Bouscoulet, Sergio Harari, Federico Tagariello, and Piergiuseppe Agostoni. Improved pulmonary gas exchange at altitudes is due to pulmonary vascular adaptation to chronic hypoxia in urban residents. High Alt Med Biol. 27:177-183, 2026.
Background:
Chronic exposure to high altitude induces physiological adaptations in the lung, but the specific mechanisms of alveolar-capillary gas exchange adaptation in urban populations remain incompletely understood.
Methods:
We assessed altitude-related alveolar capillary membrane gas diffusion adaptations in Milan (lowlanders, 120 m) and Mexico City (highlanders, 2,240 m). A 1:1 nearest-neighbor matching by age and sex was performed.
Results:
Comparison between healthy young adults (n = 246, age <40 years) showed higher diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO: 31.7 [27.4-39.0] vs. 28.2 [24.6-32.8] ml/min/mmHg, p < 0.0001) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vcap: 105 [87-113] vs. 84 [71-98] ml, p < 0.0001), but lower membrane diffusing capacity (Dm: 50 [45-60] vs. 61 [51.70] ml/min/mmHg, p < 0.0001) in highlanders. The matching procedure yielded 71 pairs (n = 142) with balanced age and sex distributions (standardized mean differences <0.1). These differences remained significant after matching: highlanders showed higher DLCO (31.7 [27.8-39.1] vs. 27.1 [23.7-32.4] ml/min/mmHg, p < 0.0001), higher Vcap (104 [85-124] vs. 78 [65-96] ml, p < 0.0001), and lower Dm (51 [46-60 vs. 57 [50-68] ml/min/mmHg, p = 0.045).
Conclusions:
These findings suggest vascular, rather than membrane, adaptation to chronic hypoxia in high-altitude urban residents.
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