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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Functional surgery for invasive nail apparatus melanoma: A cohort study and systematic review.

European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology·2026
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ASO Visual Abstract: Comprehensive Analysis of Full Coverage Versus Anterior Tenting Techniques for ADM Application in Prepectoral DTI Breast Reconstruction.

Annals of surgical oncology·2026
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Correspondence on "Simple and generalizable formula for predicting deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap weight in breast reconstruction".

Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS·2026
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Correspondence on "Hand-performed minimal fascial incision DIEP flap breast reconstruction: A scoring system and early single-center experience".

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Oncologic Implications of Postoperative Complications in the Surgical Management of Foot Acral Melanoma.

Plastic and reconstructive surgery·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps
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Foot Melanoma Reconstruction Using Refined Perforator Flap: Safety, Function, and Subregional Surgical Strategy.

Jina Kim1, Dong-Youn Lee2, Kyeong-Tae Lee1

  • 1Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|November 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Thin perforator flaps offer reliable reconstruction for foot melanoma defects, yielding good functional outcomes with low complication rates. Tailored, region-specific surgical strategies can further enhance results for these challenging cases.

Keywords:
ComplicationsFoot reconstructionFree perforator flapFunctionMelanoma

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Oncology
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Foot melanoma defects present unique reconstructive challenges requiring durable resurfacing and functional preservation.
  • Region-specific surgical planning is crucial for optimal outcomes in foot defect reconstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the outcomes of foot melanoma defect reconstruction using thin perforator flaps.
  • To analyze subregional surgical details and propose tailored reconstructive strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 226 patients undergoing wide excision and immediate reconstruction with free perforator flaps (2005-2023).
  • Outcomes assessed included complications, need for secondary debulking, and functional status via Foot Function Index (FFI).
  • Reconstructive techniques were analyzed based on anatomical subregion.

Main Results:

  • The thoracodorsal artery perforator flap was most common; overall complication rate was 19.0%, with delayed healing most frequent.
  • Flap failure occurred in 5 cases; recipient vessel selection impacted complication rates.
  • Secondary debulking (15%) was associated with toe defects, female patients, and larger defect size.

Conclusions:

  • Free perforator flaps provide reliable reconstruction for foot melanoma defects with acceptable complication and functional outcomes.
  • Developing region-specific strategies for flap and recipient vessel selection can optimize reconstructive results.