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Related Concept Videos

Effects of EDTA on End-Point Detection Methods01:18

Effects of EDTA on End-Point Detection Methods

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Different methods, such as visual observance of metal-ion indicators, spectroscopic techniques, and potentiometric methods, can determine the endpoint of an EDTA titration.
In the visual method, metal-ion indicators (metallochromic dyes), which have distinct colors in their free and complex forms, are added to the mixture to signal the titration's end point. They form stable complexes with metal ions, but these complexes are weaker than the corresponding metal–EDTA complexes. As a...
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Confocal Time Lapse Imaging as an Efficient Method for the Cytocompatibility Evaluation of Dental Composites
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In Vitro Comparison of Three Chairside Bleaching Protocols: Effects on Enamel Microhardness, Colour, and Qualitative

Berivan Laura Rebeca Buzatu1,2,3, Octavia Balean2,3, Magda Mihaela Luca4

  • 1Doctoral School, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.

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|November 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

High-concentration teeth whitening products effectively whiten enamel, but excessive use beyond 6 shades can damage tooth integrity. Carbamide peroxide offers comparable aesthetics with fewer acute enamel effects compared to hydrogen peroxide.

Keywords:
FTIRcarbamide peroxidecolorimetrycytotoxicity riskdentistryenamel microhardnesshydrogen peroxidein-office whiteningremineralizationtooth bleaching

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Area of Science:

  • Dental materials science
  • Biomaterials engineering
  • Cosmetic dentistry

Background:

  • The widespread use of high-concentration teeth whitening products necessitates an evaluation of their impact on enamel safety.
  • Existing research often lacks controlled comparisons balancing aesthetic outcomes with enamel structural integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness and enamel safety of three high-concentration in-office whitening protocols: Opalescence Quick (45% carbamide peroxide), Opalescence Boost (40% hydrogen peroxide), and BlancOne Ultra (35% hydrogen peroxide + LED).
  • To assess changes in enamel microhardness and chemical composition (FTIR) alongside color change (ΔE).
  • To construct a qualitative cytotoxicity risk profile based on existing literature.

Main Methods:

  • Seventy-two matched human enamel samples were randomized into control and three treatment groups.
  • Enamel microhardness (Vickers), color difference (ΔE), and FTIR carbonate-to-phosphate ratio were measured before and 24 hours after treatment.
  • Statistical analysis included ANOVA and correlation tests; cytotoxicity was assessed qualitatively from published data.

Main Results:

  • All tested whitening protocols achieved significant and visually apparent tooth whitening (mean ΔE 5.7–6.3).
  • Hydrogen peroxide-based systems resulted in greater enamel microhardness loss and carbonate depletion compared to carbamide peroxide.
  • A moderate correlation was observed between increased whitening (ΔE) and enamel microhardness loss, but it was not individually predictive.

Conclusions:

  • While all high-concentration systems effectively whiten teeth, exceeding a shade change of approximately 6 units provides minimal additional aesthetic benefit at the cost of increased enamel damage.
  • Carbamide peroxide-based Opalescence Quick demonstrated comparable aesthetic results to hydrogen peroxide systems but with less acute enamel alteration.
  • Clinicians should consider individualized treatment times and recommend post-whitening remineralizing care to mitigate enamel effects.