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2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...

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Related Experiment Video

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A Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Image Encryption Algorithm Based on a Novel Two-Dimensional Hyperchaotic Map.

Zongyue Bai^1,2,3, Qingzhan Zhao^1,2,3, Wenzhong Tian^1,2,3

¹College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)

|November 26, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new hyperspectral image encryption algorithm using a novel 2D cross-coupled hyperchaotic map. The method enhances security for hyperspectral images (HSIs) against various attacks.

Keywords:

DNA encoding chaotic performance evaluation hyperchaotic map hyperspectral image encryption security analysis

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Published on: April 14, 2020

Area of Science:

Remote Sensing
Image Security
Applied Cryptography

Background:

Hyperspectral images (HSIs) require specialized security due to their unique characteristics.
Existing encryption methods are inadequate for HSIs, leaving them vulnerable.
Current chaotic encryption schemes lack sufficient performance and spectral protection.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel hyperspectral image encryption algorithm.
To address the limitations of traditional methods and existing chaotic schemes for HSIs.
To enhance the security and robustness of HSI data.

Main Methods:

Designed a new two-dimensional cross-coupled hyperchaotic map (2D-CSCM) integrating Cubic, Sinusoidal, and Chebyshev maps.
Implemented a layered encryption framework: spectral-band scrambling, spatial pixel permutation, and bit-level diffusion via dynamic DNA encoding.
Validated the 2D-CSCM's hyperchaotic behavior using Lyapunov exponents, sample entropy, and NIST tests.

Main Results:

The proposed algorithm achieved near-ideal information entropy (up to 15.8107 for 16-bit data).
Demonstrated negligible adjacent-pixel correlation (below 0.01).
Exhibited strong resistance to statistical, cropping, and differential attacks (NPCR ≈ 99.998%, UACI ≈ 33.30%).

Conclusions:

The novel algorithm provides comprehensive encryption for both spectral and spatial information in HSIs.
The method offers robust security and supports lossless decryption.
Presents a practical solution for secure storage and transmission of hyperspectral remote sensing data.