Narrative Review on Parathyroid Gland Disorders in Individuals Living with HIV: An Update

Parathyroid gland disorders, including secondary hyperparathyroidism, have emerged as significant endocrine complications in people living with HIV (PLWHIV). This narrative review synthesises recent evidence on the prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical implications of parathyroid dysfunction in PLWHIV. HIV infection, combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), and immune activation contribute to parathyroid dysfunction, with cART regimens, particularly Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF), exacerbating these disturbances by altering the calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) dynamics. Studies show that PTH levels in PLWHIV on TDF were significantly elevated compared to those on non-TDF-based cART regimens. Histopathological studies highlight a higher prevalence of parathyroid hyperplasia in PLWHIV, often linked to chronic deficiencies in calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D, as well as immune dysregulation. The dysfunction observed ranges from inappropriate elevation of PTH levels to hypoparathyroidism, leading to rapid bone density loss and an increased fracture risk. Despite the fact that HIV is a condition associated with high malignancy, parathyroid malignancy is a very rare issue. Despite the growing recognition of these complications, routine screening for PTH and bone health remains inadequate in standard clinical HIV care. This review advocates for incorporating routine monitoring of serum PTH, calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D levels, especially in those on TDF-based cART. Early detection of subclinical parathyroid dysfunction can prevent complications such as secondary hyperparathyroidism and neuromuscular symptoms. Clinicians should be aware of atypical biochemical presentations, such as elevated PTH with normal calcium, which may indicate cART-induced dysregulation, improving patient management and outcomes.