Klotho in aging and diseases: molecular features, expressions, and functional implications

The protein Klotho, recognized for its anti-aging properties, has emerged as a significant focus in gerontological research due to its capacity to extend lifespan and confer protection against numerous age-associated pathologies. Genetic ablation of the Klotho gene frequently precipitates accelerated aging phenotypes and systemic organ deterioration, functionally recapitulating the multi-organ decline observed in physiological aging. A substantial body of evidence substantiates the salutary effects of Klotho on various age-related tissue and organ insults. This review aims to delineate the multifaceted roles of Klotho in the aging process, emphasizing its intricate interactions with diverse metabolic pathways crucial for maintaining systemic homeostatic equilibrium. We underline how diminished Klotho levels, frequently observed in aged cohorts, contributing to the uncontrolled progression of age-associated diseases. Additionally, this review highlights the burgeoning therapeutic potential of Klotho protein as a viable intervention for ameliorating age-related conditions. Ultimately, this comprehensive review provides a nuanced understanding of Klotho biology, elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which it contributes to homeostatic regulation and confers protection against senescence-associated morbidities.