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Who gets counted? Understanding low female death registration in India
Sheetal Verma1,2, Ritul Kamal2, Laxmi Kant Dwivedi1
1International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
Plos One
|November 26, 2025
Summary
India has a significant gender gap in death registration, with women, especially the poorest, being under-registered. Strengthening Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) systems is crucial for gender equity and policy.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Demography
- Sociology
Background:
- Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) systems are vital for governance and public health.
- Gender disparities in CRVS systems, particularly under-registration of female vital events, perpetuate women's invisibility and hinder gender-responsive policies.
Purpose of the Study:
- Examine the drivers of low female death registration across Indian states.
- Identify the roles of age, gender, and wealth in these disparities.
- Inform policies to strengthen CRVS and reduce gender gaps in vital statistics.
Main Methods:
- Utilized data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019-2021).
- Employed multivariable logistic regression models.
- Analyzed socio-economic and demographic factors influencing female death registration.
Main Results:
- A significant gender gap in death registration exists (73% male vs. 64% female).
- Gaps in registration correlate with gender disparities in asset ownership (housing, land).
- Under-registration of women persists across all age groups and wealth quintiles, particularly among the poorest.
Conclusions:
- Women face barriers to civil registration in India.
- Systemic reforms, digital advancements, and community engagement are needed to improve death registration.
- Enhanced political commitment, collaboration, and public awareness are essential for inclusive and accurate CRVS.
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