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Quarrying is the process of extracting stone from a quarry, where specialized techniques are employed to remove large blocks of stone safely and efficiently. This process can involve controlled explosions or more precision-oriented methods such as cutting and drilling.
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Megalithic statue (moai) production on Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Chile).

Carl Philipp Lipo1, Terry L Hunt2, Gina Pakarati3

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Rapa Nui statue production at Rano Raraku quarry was decentralized, mirroring the island

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Area of Science:

  • Archaeological science
  • Anthropology
  • Cultural heritage management

Background:

  • Rapa Nui (Easter Island) society is believed to have been politically decentralized.
  • The production of over 1,000 monumental statues (moai) at Rano Raraku quarry presents a key question regarding centralized vs. decentralized control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test competing hypotheses of centralized versus decentralized moai production at Rano Raraku quarry.
  • To create a comprehensive 3D model of the quarry for spatial analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry with over 11,000 UAV images.
  • Developed a high-resolution 3D model of the Rano Raraku quarry.
  • Analyzed the spatial distribution of quarrying features.

Main Results:

  • Identified 30 distinct quarrying foci across the Rano Raraku crater.
  • Revealed redundant production features and varied carving techniques within foci.
  • Demonstrated evidence of multiple simultaneous workshops constrained by natural boundaries.

Conclusions:

  • Moai production at Rano Raraku followed a decentralized, clan-based pattern, consistent with other Rapa Nui societal structures.
  • Monumentality does not necessarily require hierarchical control, supporting models of complex cooperation via horizontal networks.
  • The 3D model provides a baseline for cultural heritage management and advances archaeological landscape analysis.