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Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

12.0K
Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
8.9K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Engineering Ni(0)/Ni(II) interfaces in LDH-Derived Ni-Al catalysts for mild lignin depolymerization.

Yanjun Wen1, Wenxuan Li1, Dmitry I Sharapa1

  • 1Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany.

Bioresource Technology
|November 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

New Ni-Al catalysts efficiently depolymerize lignin under mild conditions by utilizing Ni(0)/Ni(II) interfaces. This breakthrough offers a sustainable pathway for biomass conversion, enhancing aromatic carbon recovery.

Keywords:
BiomassCatalytic hydrogenolysisDepolymerizationNi(0)/Ni(II) Interfacesβ-O-4 lignin linkage

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Biomass Conversion

Background:

  • Lignin is a key renewable source of aromatic carbon.
  • Efficient and mild lignin depolymerization is crucial for sustainable biomass conversion.
  • Developing effective catalysts is essential for this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel layered double hydroxide (LDH) derived Ni-Al catalysts.
  • To engineer Ni(0)/Ni(II) interfaces for enhanced catalytic activity.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of mild lignin depolymerization.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Ni-Al catalysts with varying Ni/Al ratios.
  • Characterization using in situ XAFS.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.
  • Testing catalytic activity on 2-phenethyl phenyl ether and organosolv lignin.

Main Results:

  • Complete β-O-4 conversion of a model compound at 125 °C and 25 bar.
  • Effective depolymerization of organosolv lignin at 150 °C.
  • Confirmation of Ni(0)/Ni(II) interfacial sites via in situ XAFS.
  • DFT calculations revealed Ni(II) modulates Ni(0) electronic structure, enhancing activity.

Conclusions:

  • The Ni(0)/Ni(II) interface is the active site for mild hydrogenolysis.
  • LDH-derived Ni-Al catalysts provide an efficient platform for lignin depolymerization.
  • This work advances sustainable biomass conversion through synergistic catalysis.