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Related Concept Videos

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance00:56

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance

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Clearance is a key pharmacokinetic parameter that quantifies the volume of body fluid from which a drug is entirely removed within a specific time frame. It is crucial in assessing how a drug is eliminated from the body and has critical clinical applications.
In the one-compartment open model for intravenous (IV) bolus administration, clearance is estimated by dividing the elimination rate by the plasma drug concentration. This equation leverages the elimination rate constant and the apparent...
329
Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections01:21

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections

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Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
239
Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Compartment Models01:14

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Compartment Models

506
Compartmental analysis is a widely adopted approach to characterizing drug pharmacokinetics. It uses compartment models that conceptualize the body as a collection of reversibly communicating compartments, each representing a group of tissues exhibiting similar drug distribution characteristics. The movement rate of the drug between these compartments is typically described by first-order kinetics.
Two primary types of compartment models are recognized: mammillary and catenary. The more...
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Drug Elimination for IV Bolus Injection00:59

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Drug Elimination for IV Bolus Injection

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In pharmacokinetics, the elimination rate of a drug following a capacity-limited model is primarily controlled by two parameters: Vmax and KM. These parameters are crucial in how the drug behaves inside the body after administration.
Following the administration of a single intravenous (IV) bolus injection, we can determine the concentration of the drug in the plasma at any given time. This calculation is achieved using a specific equation that integrates the values of Vmax and KM.
We can also...
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One-Compartment Open Model for Extravascular Administration: Zero-Order Absorption Model01:12

One-Compartment Open Model for Extravascular Administration: Zero-Order Absorption Model

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Extravascular administration, such as oral or intramuscular routes, is a non-invasive drug delivery method, often preferred for ease and patient compliance. A key factor here is absorption, which dictates how quickly and effectively the drug enters the bloodstream from the administration site. Absorption follows either zero-order or first-order kinetics.
Zero-order absorption maintains a steady rate irrespective of the amount of drug left to be absorbed, making it a constant process. In the...
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Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration01:12

Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration

646
The two-compartment model for extravascular administration represents a drug's absorption and distribution process. It features a central compartment, where the drug is first absorbed, and a peripheral compartment, which illustrates the drug's distribution throughout the body. The rate of change in drug concentration in the central compartment is calculated by three exponents: absorption, distribution, and elimination.
The absorption exponent (ka) indicates the speed at which the drug...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

An Alternative and Validated Injection Method for Accessing the Subretinal Space via a Transcleral Posterior Approach
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A computational framework for predicting leakage in subcutaneous injections.

Mario de Lucio1, Pavlos P Vlachos1, Hector Gomez1

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|November 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computational models can now predict subcutaneous drug leakage after injection, helping to ensure medication efficacy. This research addresses the critical issue of fluid backflow, improving biologic drug delivery.

Keywords:
Auto-injectorBackflowLeakageMonoclonal antibodyPre-filled syringeSubcutaneous injection

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Pharmacology
  • Computational Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Subcutaneous injection of biologics is a common drug delivery route for chronic diseases.
  • Leakage or backflow of injected medication from the subcutaneous tissue can reduce drug efficacy.
  • Existing computational models do not predict drug leakage dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-fidelity computational framework for modeling subcutaneous drug leakage.
  • To validate the model against experimental data.
  • To assess the impact of various injection parameters on leakage.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a computational model simulating skin and subcutaneous tissue.
  • Incorporation of simplified skin and subcutaneous morphology.
  • Validation using experimental data on tissue swelling and leakage.

Main Results:

  • A validated computational framework for predicting drug leakage dynamics.
  • Assessment of key parameters influencing leakage, including injection depth, volume, needle gauge, site, and wait time.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model provides a novel tool for understanding and predicting subcutaneous injection leakage.
  • This framework can optimize drug delivery strategies and improve therapeutic outcomes.
  • Further research can refine the model for diverse clinical applications.