Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

546
Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
546
Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

4.6K
The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
4.6K
Therapeutic Communication01:30

Therapeutic Communication

6.9K
Communication is a lifelong learning process. Through therapeutic communication, nurses can collect relevant assessment data, provide education and counseling, and interact during nursing interventions. Sending and receiving messages occur through verbal and nonverbal communication techniques and can happen separately or simultaneously.
Verbal communication depends on language or a prescribed way of using words so that people can share information effectively. The critical aspects of verbal...
6.9K
Emotional Expression01:26

Emotional Expression

908
Emotional expression encompasses how individuals convey their emotions through verbal communication and non-verbal cues. These non-verbal actions include facial expressions, body language, and physical gestures, such as frowning or smiling. Among these, facial expressions play a crucial role in emotional expression and are understood universally, indicating a biological basis for how humans communicate emotions.
Universal Facial Expressions
Psychologist Paul Ekman identified seven basic...
908
Robbers Cave04:49

Robbers Cave

14.8K
During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension...
14.8K
Social Proof00:52

Social Proof

31.4K
Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.
31.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Linking individual variation in facial musculature to facial behavior in rhesus macaques.

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)·2025
Same author

Co-representation breaks down beyond the dyad in UK adults.

PloS one·2025
Same author

MacaqueNet: Advancing comparative behavioural research through large-scale collaboration.

The Journal of animal ecology·2025
Same author

GorillaFACS: The Facial Action Coding System for the Gorilla spp.

PloS one·2025
Same author

Facial expressivity in dominant macaques is linked to group cohesion.

Proceedings. Biological sciences·2024
Same author

Lorenz's classic 'baby schema': a useful biological concept?

Proceedings. Biological sciences·2024
Same journal

Are language models models?

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same journal

Large language models illuminate the mechanistic underpinnings of the creative aspect of language use (CALU), long regarded as a mystery.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same journal

LLMs as a platform for studying constraint interaction: Motivation and challenges.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same journal

Beyond the data gap: Children create languages, violate their input statistics, and exhibit critical periods.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same journal

Not-so-strange love: Language models and generative linguistic theories are more compatible than they appear.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same journal

Rich data drive generalization: Lessons from machine learning for linguistics and cognitive science.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face
08:15

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face

Published on: January 7, 2019

7.3K

Facial expression is a group cohesion solution.

Bridget M Waller1, Jamie Whitehouse1, Eithne Kavanagh1

  • 1https://ror.org/04xyxjd90Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK bridget.waller@ntu.ac.uk jamie.whitehouse@ntu.ac.uk eithne.kavanagh@ntu.ac.uk.

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
|November 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Facial expressions evolved in primates to solve group living challenges, primarily driven by the need for social bonding. Understanding primate social cohesion theories is crucial for analyzing facial communication in humans and other primates.

More Related Videos

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
06:53

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Published on: March 1, 2017

13.7K
Group Synchronization During Collaborative Drawing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
07:53

Group Synchronization During Collaborative Drawing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: August 5, 2022

2.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face
08:15

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face

Published on: January 7, 2019

7.3K
Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
06:53

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Published on: March 1, 2017

13.7K
Group Synchronization During Collaborative Drawing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
07:53

Group Synchronization During Collaborative Drawing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: August 5, 2022

2.4K

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Primatology
  • Social neuroscience

Background:

  • Facial expressions are a key aspect of primate social interaction.
  • Theories of group living and social bonding are central to primate behavioral evolution.
  • Dunbar's theories provide a framework for understanding social group dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary origins of facial expressions in primates.
  • To investigate the role of social bonding in the development of facial communication.
  • To connect primate facial expression to theories of group cohesion.

Main Methods:

  • Review of empirical evidence on primate facial expressions.
  • Analysis of existing theories on group living and social bonding.
  • Application of Dunbar's theories to primate facial communication.

Main Results:

  • Facial expression is proposed as an adaptation for primate group living.
  • Empirical data supports the hypothesis that social bonding is a primary driver for facial expression evolution.
  • Dunbar's theories of group cohesion offer significant explanatory power.

Conclusions:

  • Facial expressions are crucial for maintaining social bonds and cohesion in primate groups.
  • The evolution of facial communication is intrinsically linked to the challenges and benefits of social living.
  • Further research integrating evolutionary psychology and primatology can illuminate human social behavior.