Epigenetic modifications in retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal regeneration

The optic nerve, a component of the central nervous system (CNS), comprises axons from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that exhibit limited regenerative capacity following injury. Recent advances have substantially deepened our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying RGC survival and axonal regeneration, encompassing DNA methylation, histone modifications, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), RNA methylation, and their complex interplay. Here, we review emerging research paradigms that underscore the potential of epigenetic modulation in RGC survival promotion and axonal regeneration. We further explore the dual roles of epigenetic interventions in enhancing regeneration via both RGC-intrinsic regenerative pathways and extracellular microenvironment remodeling. Moreover, we discuss recent clinical progress that underscores the translational promise of epigenetic strategies for precision diagnostics and targeted therapies in optic nerve repair.