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Related Concept Videos

Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination01:31

Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination

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Typically, when alkenes react with halogens at low temperatures, an addition reaction occurs. However, upon increasing the temperature or under reaction conditions that form radicals, providing a low but steady concentration of halogen radicals, allylic substitution reaction is favored. This is because allylic hydrogens are very reactive as the formed intermediate is resonance stabilized. For example, when propene is treated with chlorine in the gas phase at 400 °C, it undergoes allylic...
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Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

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Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
18.4K
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

30.0K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
30.0K
Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones01:21

Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

4.7K
By replacing an α-hydrogen with a halogen, acid-catalyzed α-halogenation of aldehydes or ketones yields a monohalogenated product
In the first step of the mechanism, the acid protonates the carbonyl oxygen resulting in a resonance-stabilized cation, which subsequently loses an α-hydrogen to form an enol tautomer. The C=C bond in an enol is highly nucleophilic because of the electron-donating nature of the –OH group. Consequently, the double bond attacks an electrophilic halogen to form a...
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Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents01:27

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

9.7K
In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...
9.7K
Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides01:18

Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides

8.7K
Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and synthetically important derivatives. They are useful reagents for Friedel–Crafts acylation of some aromatic compounds.
8.7K

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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

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Sustainable chlorine cycle enabled by single atom catalysis.

Jiarui Yang1,2,3, Jiaxiang Shang4, Xiong Wen David Lou5

  • 1Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou, China. jiaryang@cityu.edu.hk.

Nature Communications
|November 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel titanium nitride-supported ruthenium single-atom catalyst (Ru1@TiN) for efficient and selective chlorine evolution from sodium chloride. This catalyst also upcycles polyvinyl chloride waste, offering a sustainable approach to green chlorine production and plastic waste management.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • The chemical industry faces challenges in waste management and energy efficiency, particularly in chlorine production.
  • Current chlorine-related industries consume significant electricity and generate plastic waste, necessitating sustainable alternatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a sustainable, chlorine-centered solution addressing waste management and energy efficiency.
  • To introduce a novel electrocatalyst for efficient chlorine evolution and plastic waste upcycling.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of titanium nitride-supported ruthenium single-atoms (Ru1@TiN) catalyst.
  • Electrochemical evaluation of Ru1@TiN for chlorine evolution reaction (CER) using NaCl.
  • Investigation of catalyst performance across various pH conditions and its ability to decompose polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Main Results:

  • Ru1@TiN demonstrated high efficiency and nearly 100% selectivity for chlorine evolution from NaCl under diverse conditions.
  • The catalyst successfully decomposed PVC waste into chlorine and other valuable chemicals.
  • A coordination-derived activation mechanism and a dynamic polyatomic active site were identified.

Conclusions:

  • The Ru1@TiN catalyst offers a sustainable pathway for green chlorine production and plastic upcycling.
  • This innovation has the potential to significantly reduce electricity consumption in the chlor-alkali industry.
  • The findings contribute to developing sustainable chlorine chemical industries.