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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

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Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
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Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Cell Membrane Repair Assay Using a Two-photon Laser Microscope
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Cell Membrane Repair Assay Using a Two-photon Laser Microscope

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ESCRT-III function in membrane fission and repair.

M Burigotto1,2, J G Carlton3,4

  • 1Organelle Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
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Summary

The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III machinery repairs cellular membranes by assembling and remodeling proteins. This review details ESCRT-III

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is a conserved protein complex crucial for membrane remodeling.
  • ESCRT proteins are involved in diverse cellular processes beyond endosomal sorting, including viral budding, cytokinesis, and membrane repair.
  • The ESCRT-III subcomplex is primarily responsible for the membrane-remodeling functions of the ESCRT machinery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent mechanistic and structural insights into ESCRT-III protein assembly and remodeling.
  • To elucidate how ESCRT-III achieves membrane severing.
  • To examine the engagement of ESCRT-III at different subcellular compartments during interphase and mitosis for membrane repair and remodeling.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on ESCRT-III function, structure, and mechanism.
  • Analysis of mechanistic and structural studies.
  • Focus on cellular localization and function during cell cycle.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies provide new mechanistic and structural insights into ESCRT-III assembly and dynamics.
  • ESCRT-III proteins undergo remodeling to facilitate membrane severing.
  • ESCRT-III is recruited to various cellular locations to perform membrane repair and remodeling roles throughout the cell cycle.

Conclusions:

  • ESCRT-III is a key player in diverse membrane remodeling events.
  • Understanding ESCRT-III assembly and remodeling is crucial for comprehending its diverse cellular functions.
  • Further research into ESCRT-III mechanisms will illuminate its roles in membrane repair and cellular homeostasis.