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Development of the Physical Activity Research Opportunities (PARO) framework.

Laura E Balis1, Daniel P Hatfield2, Meher Din2

  • 1Center for Nutrition & Health Impact, Omaha, USA. lbalis@centerfornutrition.org.

The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study synthesized research opportunities to create a framework for advancing physical activity research. The Physical Activity Research Opportunities (PARO) framework highlights gaps and promotes health equity in physical activity initiatives.

Keywords:
FrameworkHealth equityPhysical activityPolicyPracticeTranslational research

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Exercise Science
  • Health Equity Research

Background:

  • Most Americans do not meet physical activity guidelines.
  • Gaps exist in physical activity research knowledge and implementation.
  • Addressing health inequities is crucial in physical activity promotion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify, synthesize, and categorize research opportunities in physical activity.
  • To develop a conceptual framework for advancing physical activity research.
  • To integrate health equity considerations into physical activity research.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative document analysis of 11 sources from US government, intergovernmental, and non-profit organizations.
  • Expert review and coding of 385 extracted research opportunities.
  • Development of the Physical Activity Research Opportunities (PARO) framework based on translational phase and social ecological level.

Main Results:

  • 87 condensed research opportunity statements were developed.
  • Most opportunities focused on effectiveness (51%) and dissemination/implementation science (16%).
  • Few opportunities (38%) addressed policy, systems, and environmental interventions, and many (76%) lacked health equity considerations.

Conclusions:

  • The PARO framework identifies evidence gaps and strategic opportunities for physical activity stakeholders.
  • Future research should prioritize efficacy, effectiveness, dissemination, and implementation, with a focus on community engagement.
  • Advancing health equity requires tailored interventions, enhanced reach to priority populations, and addressing social determinants of health.