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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Resting-State and Task-Based Functional Connectivity Reveal Distinct mPFC and Hippocampal Network Alterations in

Ekaete Ekpo1, Lysianne Beynel1, Bruce Luber1

  • 1Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Brain Sciences
|November 27, 2025
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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is linked to altered brain connectivity. Both resting-state and task-based fMRI reveal distinct patterns, highlighting the need to combine these methods for a comprehensive understanding of brain function in depression.

Keywords:
depressionfMRIfunctional connectivitygoal-priming taskresting state

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychiatric Neuroscience

Background:

  • Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is a common method for detecting brain dysfunction in depression.
  • Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is susceptible to confounds; task-based functional connectivity (FC) may offer complementary insights.
  • Investigating both resting-state and task-based FC can provide a more complete picture of brain function in major depressive disorder (MDD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare functional connectivity (FC) patterns between adults with and without major depressive disorder (MDD).
  • To evaluate differences in FC during resting state versus a task-based condition (Selves Task).
  • To explore the utility of combining resting-state and task-based fMRI for understanding brain function in MDD.

Main Methods:

  • Used MATLAB's CONN toolbox (version 22a) for seed-based FC analysis in 40 adults (23 with MDD, 17 healthy controls).
  • Acquired fMRI data during both rest and the individualized Selves Task.
  • Focused seed analyses on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and left hippocampus.

Main Results:

  • Both groups exhibited strong mPFC connectivity with default mode network (DMN) regions at rest, with more focal task-based connectivity.
  • Adults with MDD showed significantly lower RSFC between the mPFC and regions like the right inferior temporal gyrus.
  • The MDD group displayed widespread hypoconnectivity originating from the left hippocampus, including the cerebellum, evident in both resting and task states.

Conclusions:

  • Significant functional connectivity differences exist between adults with and without MDD.
  • Resting-state and task-based fMRI reveal distinct connectivity patterns, including differential connectivity involving the mPFC, hippocampus, and cerebellum.
  • Combining resting-state and task-based FC analyses may enhance future neuroimaging research in depression.