Bioinformatics Approach to mTOR Signaling Pathway-Associated Genes and Cancer Etiopathogenesis

Background/Objectives: The mTOR serine/threonine kinase coordinates protein translation, cell growth, and metabolism, and its dysregulation promotes tumorigenesis. We present a reproducible, pan-cancer, network-aware framework that integrates curated resources with genomics to move beyond pathway curation, yielding falsifiable hypotheses and prioritized candidates for mTOR axis biomarker validation. Materials and Methods: We assembled MTOR-related genes and interactions from GeneCards, KEGG, STRING, UniProt, and PathCards and harmonized identifiers. We formulated a concise working model linking genotype → pathway architecture (mTORC1/2) → expression-level rewiring → phenotype. Three analyses operationalized this model: (i) pan-cancer alteration mapping to separate widely shared drivers from tumor-specific nodes; (ii) expression-based activity scoring to quantify translational/nutrient-sensing modules; and (iii) topology-aware network propagation (personalized PageRank/Random Walk with Restart on a high-confidence STRING graph) to nominate functionally proximal neighbors. Reproducibility was supported by degree-normalized diffusion, predefined statistical thresholds, and sensitivity analyses. Results: Gene ontology analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for mTOR-related processes (TOR/TORC1 signaling and cellular responses to amino acids). Database synthesis corroborated disease associations involving MTOR and its partners (e.g., TSC2, RICTOR, RPTOR, MLST8, AKT1 across selected carcinomas). Across cohorts, our framework distinguishes broadly shared upstream drivers (PTEN, PIK3CA) from lineage-enriched nodes (e.g., RICTOR-linked components) and prioritizes non-mutated, network-proximal candidates that align with mTOR activity signatures. Conclusions: This study delivers a transparent, pan-cancer framework that unifies curated biology, genomics, and network topology to produce testable predictions about the mTOR axis. By distinguishing shared drivers from tumor-specific nodes and elevating non-mutated, topology-inferred candidates, the approach refines biomarker discovery and suggests architecture-aware therapeutic strategies. The analysis is reproducible and extensible, supporting prospective validation of prioritized candidates and the design of correlative studies that align pathway activity with clinical response.