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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
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Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
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Long Non-Coding RNAs in Multiple Sclerosis-Differential Expression and Functional Implications.

Kaalindi Misra1, Aishwary Nerkar1, Ferdinando Clarelli1

  • 1Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.

Genes
|November 27, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) show consistent but context-specific changes in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This review highlights key lncRNAs and pathways, calling for standardized research to advance diagnostics and therapeutics.

Keywords:
CNSMSRRMSSPMSlncRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Immunogenomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroimmunology

Background:

  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging regulators of immune responses.
  • lncRNAs may have diagnostic and therapeutic potential in autoimmune diseases like Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
  • Existing research on lncRNAs in MS is fragmented and geographically limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and evaluate studies on lncRNA expression in MS.
  • To assess the consistency of findings across different studies.
  • To synthesize the functional roles of frequently studied lncRNAs in MS.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 51 studies (2010-2024) using PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searched major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science).
  • Included studies on adult MS with ≥20 participants, analyzing lncRNAs in biological samples via qRT-PCR, RNA-seq, or microarrays.

Main Results:

  • Identified 77 unique lncRNAs, with MALAT1, GAS5, MEG3, and H19 showing consistent dysregulation in MS.
  • Other lncRNAs (e.g., THRIL, IFNG-AS1) displayed context-dependent expression.
  • Functional analysis implicated pathways like NF-κB, STAT3, and IFN-γ/Th1 signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Reproducible and context-specific lncRNA dysregulation in MS is evident.
  • Highlights the need for transcriptome-wide studies, standardized methods, and multi-center validation.
  • Current research limitations include geographic bias, preselection bias, and methodological heterogeneity.