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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
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Inter-Segmental Coordination During Soccer Instep Kicking: A Vector-Coding Comparison Between Experienced Athletes

Liwen Zhang1, Meizhen Zhang1, Hui Liu2

  • 1Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Health Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.

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|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Experienced soccer players exhibit superior knee-ankle coordination during instep kicks compared to novices. This study highlights targeted training for enhanced kicking speed and accuracy.

Keywords:
coordinationcoupling angledynamic system theorykicking performance improvementmotor control

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Motor Control
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Instep kicking is a fundamental skill in soccer.
  • Understanding inter-segmental coordination is crucial for optimizing kicking performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize hip, knee, and ankle coordination during instep kicking in experienced athletes versus novices.
  • To identify key coordination patterns influencing kicking speed and accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized vector coding, a non-linear technique, to analyze motion capture and electromyographic data.
  • Collected data from 14 soccer players and 32 novices performing the instep kicking task.
  • Calculated time percentages of coordination patterns and agonist-antagonist muscle activity ratios.

Main Results:

  • Experienced athletes showed significantly greater knee-ankle shank dominance during kicking (p < 0.050).
  • Greater ball speed correlated with knee flexion dominance in backswing/leg-cocking and knee extension dominance in leg acceleration.
  • Lower activity ratios in tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles improved kicking accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Vector coding effectively identifies critical inter-segmental coordination features for instep kicking.
  • Dynamic stability and muscle activation/relaxation control exercises can enhance kicking performance in soccer athletes.