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Intra- and Inter-Rater Reliability, Parallel Test Reliability, and Internal Consistency of the Tuning Fork and

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  • 1Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2025
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Summary

The tuning fork test reliably assesses deep somatosensory function in young adults. Monofilament tests are effective for feet and ankles but not for legs, thighs, or trunks.

Keywords:
inter-rater reliabilityinternal consistencyintra-rater reliabilitymonofilament testparallel test reliabilitysomatosensationtuning fork testyoung healthy adults

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Somatosensation, the detection of stimuli like pain and pressure, requires objective evaluation for clinical applications.
  • Reliable somatosensory assessments are crucial for diagnosis, rehabilitation, and training in healthcare.
  • Evaluating the methodological quality of common somatosensory tests is essential for their accurate application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the methodological quality of the tuning fork test and monofilament test in young healthy adults.
  • To determine the reliability and consistency of these somatosensory assessments across different body regions.
  • To compare the effectiveness of the tuning fork test versus the monofilament test for evaluating somatosensation.

Main Methods:

  • 58 healthy young adults participated in the study.
  • Two distinct somatosensory tests were administered: the tuning fork test and the monofilament test.
  • Reliability (intra- and inter-rater) and consistency were evaluated across multiple body locations and time points.

Main Results:

  • The tuning fork test demonstrated moderate reliability and good internal consistency for deep somatosensation.
  • The monofilament test showed good to moderate reliability for foot and ankle assessments but poor reliability for leg, thigh, and trunk regions.
  • No significant parallel test reliability was found between the tuning fork and monofilament tests.

Conclusions:

  • The tuning fork test is a reliable tool for assessing deep somatosensory function, particularly in the lower extremities.
  • Monofilament test kits are suitable for superficial somatosensitivity evaluation of feet and ankles.
  • Current monofilament tests are inadequate for objective somatosensory evaluation of the leg, thigh, and trunk regions.